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text courtesy of Wikipedia
CFD providers
CFDs are typically traded over-the-counter with a broker or market maker, known as a CFD provider. The CFD provider will define the contract terms, the margin rates and what underlying instruments it is willing to trade. They trade under two different models, which can have an impact on the price of the instrument traded:
Market maker (MM): this is the most common method, and is where the CFD provider makes the price for the CFD on underlying and takes all orders onto its own book. Most CFD providers will hedge these positions based on their own risk model, which may be as simple as buying or selling the underlying, but may also be via portfolio hedges or by consolidating client positions and offsetting one client long with another client short position. This does not affect the CFD trade as no matter what the CFD provider does with its own market risk, the contract is always between the trader and the CFD provider. The main impact is that price can be different to the underlying physical market as the CFD provider can for example take into account other client positions it is holding. This does allow the CFD provider to be very flexible in the products and trading times it offers as it allows them to easily create hybrids and hedge using alternative instruments for example to allow trading out of normal market hours. In practice, the market maker price usually matches the underlying instrument as the CFD provider would otherwise be exposed to arbitrageurs, but some CFD providers add an additional written guarantee in the contract that all CFD prices will match that of the underlying instrument.
Direct market access (DMA) was created in response to concerns that the price in the market-maker model may not match that of the underlying instrument. A DMA CFD provider guarantees that it will do a physical trade on the underlying market to match each CFD trade on a one-for-one basis. The contract is still between the traders and the CFD provider but through this method it is guaranteed that the CFD price is the same as the underlying price and that they will not be re-quoted. They will also be able to see their order in the underlying physical market order book. DMA only works where the underlying instrument can be readily bought and sold in the quantities that match the CFD and is most commonly used for shares CFDs. DMA CFDs can be more expensive as the CFD provider needs to cover the exchange transaction fees and may not be able get economies of scale by netting client orders together. The DMA model is much more like a traditional broker model and is preferred by professional and institutional traders as it avoids conflicts of interest with the CFD provider.
